Arguments For And Against National Minimum Wage

Arguments For And Against National Minimum Wage Supply of labour is elastic and can be moved across the region at the same wage. When minimum wage goes down firms can recruit more labour but as seen in below chart when its go up, it move from E1 to E2. That means at the set new minimum wage firms can only afford E2 number of labours. In UK, demand of skilled labour and supply of skilled labour does not reach equilibrium. Skilled labour from European Countries has been migrated in the UK to fill the gap in between. Over the past couple of decades migrated skilled labours supply increased which result in unemployment. Source: LPC estimates based on ASHE with supplementary information, low-pay weights, UK, April 2006 To get the skilled workforce in action, government has to decide a minimum wage at which they are happy to migrate and work in the UK. As UK is short of skilled labour, government decided fair minimum wage rate which keeps changes every year and increased by some percentages, to get the skilled labour motivated and provide them with the good intensives. Source: http://www.guidance-research.org/future-trends/logistics/info/printAll?lang=en, 25th September 2010 If demand of labour is relatively inelastic as per the above diagram then reduction in employment is less than if demand for labour in terms of employers is elasticity in accordance with the changes in wage level. NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE In UK national minimum wage set  £ 3.60 in 1999. This law has been aim to remove poverty in long term as a result of that we can see from a graph below, constant growth in the National Minimum Wage. Source: http://www.poverty.org.uk/01/index.shtml, 22nd September 2010 ARGUMENTS FOR THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE Arguments in favour of National Minimum Wage suggest that it may have a more ambiguous effect on employment. Dolado et al (1996) Social Arguments: Government Evidence suggests that the minimum wage has had a small positive impact on public sector finances. Which means more jobs, result in increase employment in various parts like full time, part time and self employed. As it has positive impact on public sector more jobs in full time and part time can be seen in the below table. Source: http://www.guidance-research.org/future-trends/education/printAll?lang=en, 25th September 2010 If the firm is paying National Minimum Wage then it has an incentive to raise productivity of employees. This result in investment rise in personnel. Social injustice and unequal pay distribution among the society is the key reason of the poverty, in order to equally divide income across the society. As income increases, the government gets more income tax and national insurance so that it can spend it for its expenditures. The better trained are the workforce, the higher the reward for everyone. Economic Arguments: To 1.5 million jobs benefited in October 2001 through increase in NMW which as a result increase the aggregate wage bill by upto 0.11%. The following year nearly 1 million people in fewer jobs are benefited. Actually the solid increase in 2001 is supported by small increase in previous year 2000 and another small increase in following year 2002. Over 90,000 jobs secured by 18-21 year olds in October 2001 and labour market is slightly relieve in following couple of years. Below chart shows % of jobs paying at or below national minimum wage and size of the firm. Source: LPC estimates based on ASHE with supplementary information, low-pay weights, UK, April 2006 ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE Arguments against the National Minimum Wage rely on a neoclassical framework. Card Krueger (1995) Social Arguments: For certain industries, increase in National Minimum Wage NMW means increase in marginal cost so they try to redundant employees and cut the hours of existing employees which results in increase number of unemployed. The higher the national minimum wage is marginal cost for hiring new employee considerably more. Another issue is Pay-leap frogging, mean expert workers in the field command higher wages in order to maintain the difference between their wages and national minimum wage. Cost of living varies from region to region, for example renting 3 bedroom house in London wont cost you same as renting it in outside London. And NMW is set the same across the UK. So cost of living in London is higher and still they are getting paid similar NMW as other parts of the country. In the time of recession company go for recruiting experienced workers rather than recruiting fresher, because fresher requires training and firms try to cut such costs by recruiting experienced workers. Majority firms subject to particular region and if the employees are not happy with their wages then they just move on. According to the economist, High benefits and low pay leads to a culture where people manipulate the system and stay on benefits. As minimum wage increase by  £0.13, many forms choose to have office in the UK and set up manufacturing plant in some other country like Bangladesh or import directly from china. The minimum wage is still less than one can get through the benefits. Everything ends with the consumer and he doesnt have anything to spend then everyone is going in loss. Millions of potential jobs dont exist because of government rules which also includes minimum wage. Get rid of majority of them and as a result, firms start hiring people like anything and the problem of unemployment would go away. Minimum wage is equal for everyone, which means unskilled labour worth of  £2.00 an hour must be paid  £5.93, same as the skilled labour who are worth it. There was a famous example a few months ago in the US. A teacher was complaining about being paid too little but emphasized that she was a teacher for the children and not for the wage. Well, you cant have it both ways. Either you do it for the love of it, or you do it for the wage. When you know the wage is low, you can always choose a different career. Economic Arguments: In 2004, 520 companies were surveyed which shows result that the NMW increase has considerable effect in terms of costs and the most harm done in large firms such as 5 hours cut a week, it means 40 hours full time employee has to work 35 hours a week. As per new minimum wage, working 37.5 hours a week gets you  £11563.50/ year which is after Tax and NI receivable around  £9903.02, which is not good enough to live a standard life. CONCLUSION After discussing arguments in favour and against the national minimum wage, from the social point of view increase in NMW is necessary; for living fairly standard life. The life style here in London and in Bangladesh cannot be compared because the market is totally different here. Thats from the societys point of view but from the business point of view; it is investment in people at the end of the day which motivates labour and increasing the productivity which helps firms to earn more profit. With this conclusion I am in favour of increase in the national minimum wage. REFERENCES: BOOKS Bazen, S. (2000), the impact of regulation of low wages on inequality and Labour market adjustment Lloyd, C., Mason, G., Mayhew, K. (2008) Low wage work in the UK Russell Sage Foundation Manning, A. (2003), Monopsony in Motion Blais, A., Cousineau, J. and McRoberts, K (1989) The determinants of Minimum wage rates, Public Choice Boeri, t. and Burda, M. (2009), Preferences for Collective vs. Individualized Wage Setting, The Economic Journal, forthcoming. Silbermann, J. and Durden, G. (1976) Determinining Legislative Preferences On the Minimum Wage: An Economic Approach, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 84(2), pp. 217-229. ONLINE http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/06/the-impact-of-national-minimum-wage-on-uk-labor-market-and-uk-economy.html, 20th September 2010 http://www.suffolkobservatory.info/sda_pdf/workforcedeprivation.asp, 21st September 2010 http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/audio/2010/oct/01/focus-podcast-minimum-wage-audio, 21st September 2010 http://www.lowpayunit.org.uk/minwage/campaign.shtml, 22nd September 2010 http://money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/budgeting/minimum-wage.htm/printable, 22nd September 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6211250.stm?lsm, 23rd September 2010 http://www.ukbusinessforums.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?t=174645page=3, 23rd September 2010 PART B TREND EXTRAPOLATION Extrapolation can be defined as to conclude the future from the past history, assuming that the technological change is in steady stream and will continue now. Statistical Cure Fitting As name suggests, this method using statistics data for forecasting, such as Indianapolis 500 mile race data as per shown in the below graph: The beginning of the World War 1 Indy race cars have exponentially increased to get pole positions. In the graph above, two technological innovations and ideas are shown quite clearly in the data. One of them cars out of the two was a rear-engine car. The first car of this sort appeared firstly in 1961. The qualifying speeds for Indy race cars were about 150mph which a hard target to achieve. In 1964 a rear-engine car won a pole position for the first time attaining close to 159mph. Limit Analysis All growth has some kind of limitation whether it is recognised or unrecognised. Sooner or later, projections must replicate the improvements that may even get close to the limit but mustnt exceed the limit. The trend of lower temperature is inadequate, of course by an absolute zero. For example, a movement of growing energy conversion efficiency cant exceed to 100%. The trend is presented in the below chart: The trend line looks and analysis aspects of the larger field of development. The trend line attempts to extend the boundaries of the data points beyond their regions in the timeframe. For Example is recently US and China relation, which looks in curve graph like below: Source: http://www.sublimeoblivion.com/2010/08/18/underestimating-china/, 25th September 2010 Some common types of trend: Constant trends  are those where there is no net increase or decrease. Polynomial trends  are those best modeled by a polynomial equation. They may be second-order (quadratic) equations of the formy  =  ax2  +  bx  +  c, resulting in a parabolic shape: Consensus Methods The method is a set of values for significant familys abilities to pay for colleges. From last couple of years, trend line shows decrease in variance in need analysis. The participating corporation believe that the agreed opinion approach, when applied in a consistent manner, serves to decrease or reduce the indifferent results that threaten the long-lasting tradition of awarding help on the basis of need. The desire and the need to serve for the greater good, rather than serve individual academic or institutional needs and capabilities have required some areas to be compromised, but 568 Group strongly believes, the consequential methodology remains true to both the institutional and professional principles and aspects that underlies its co-operative efforts. For example, student wish to study in university, university go through the savings through the applicants family. Lets say the university fee per year is  £30,000 and familys income per year is  £ 50,000. In which parents have to sign the statement that they are going to fund for their childs accommodation, fees, travel and other required expenses. Family need to demonstrate their household expenditure to show that they can spare  £ 30,000 each year plus other expenses comes through the education loan or scholarship from university. In total of all have to be reached  £30,000 a year plus other expenses like travel. Through simple diagram below I can understand consensus method better way.

Lead and Manage a Team Within a Health and Social Care Setting

The features of effective team performance are set out in Brian Tuckman’s phases of team development theory, ‘Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing. ’ This outlines the phases that a team will go through in order to become effective and reach maturity. At the ‘Forming’ stage of team development individual roles and responsibilities are unclear and each member of the team is concerned to avoid conflict with each other. From this point the team will go through the ‘Storming’ phase which is when they start to conflict as individuals put forward ideas which will be challenged by others in a bid to gain power and position over others. After this the ‘Norming’ phase follows and it is at this point that individual roles are defined and accepted and ground rules and conduct are agreed. After each of these stages the team then reaches the ‘Performing’ stage which is where they are all working towards the same shared goal. This theory shows that for all teams to be effective each individual needs to be clear on their role, responsibilities and shared end goal. This is achieved through positive leadership, utilising the skills of the team and addressing weaknesses to make the team more effective. The challenges experienced by developing teams are often due to organisational change. Staff may be resistant to change such as moving to join a new team or working with people they do not know. A health and social care organisation needs to identify the skills and knowledge that are required for the service plan and recruit staff according to this to ensure that the diversity and skill mix needed is met to fulfil the service outcome. Newly appointed staff should complete an induction that ensures they understand and comply with the organisations values and objectives and their role and support systems should be clarified as quickly as possible to ensure they can contribute as quickly and effectively as possible to the team. An established team experiences different challenges to a developing team. They may have more difficulty maintaining staff enthusiasm and momentum. To overcome these challenges the organisation needs to be aware of changes to workload and conflict between individuals to resolve issues quickly before they impact on other staff and then service users. Also feedback should be given to staff in order for them to maintain or improve performance levels and recognition should be expressed for good work to maintain a high level of staff morale. Once momentum is built then it is easier to maintain and helps staff to remain enthusiastic and continue o communicate and trust their colleagues and manage their time efficiently and keeps them orientated to the important work tasks. Challenges to effective team performance can be overcome by the organisation being clear about the values and objectives in relation to staff and service users and communicating these and the time frame in which these are expected to be achieved. Support should be given to those who are capable of sharing the organisations objectives so they can become committed to ensuring that the service outcomes are met. If this is not done then it can be difficult to maintain effective team working. Dawes and Handscomb performed a review on team leadership in 2005 and suggested that these difficulties stemmed from competing professional interests. In different settings they reviewed the relationship between team working and care outcomes and it was found that within a long term care setting the care outcomes required effective team working to be met. It is considered that management styles can be divided into three categories. * Autocratic- characterised by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Paternalistic- a type of fatherly managerial style typically employed by dominant males where their organizational power is used to control and protect subordinate staff that are expected to be loyal and obedient. * Democratic- a style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision making process. A leader can be anyone who has the ability to influence other members of a team. It is considered that a manager and a leader are different but they are complementary to tasks being carried out. Management styles will change to reflect the stage of development the workforce’s stage of development. When starting a new team a manager will have to be clear about setting goals, establishing rules and assigning responsibility and then taking on the more troublesome tasks of organising resources, motivating and creating a cooperative team. As the team develops then roles can be delegated and appropriate support provided. Doing this enables the team to become more confident and the style of management and leadership changes so team members begin to take on more leadership functions. The primary focus of a leader is to develop and maintain trust between the service user and the staff. The service user will look at the staff to establish with them character and competence. If these two characteristics are met then this develops trust with the service user. Character relates to motive and intent, whether the staff are working towards the same objectives. Competence relates to skills and results, whether the staff are able to care for the service user and meet the objective set by the organisation. Staff that are registered with professional bodies have accountability and are answerable for their actions. They are accountable by law for meeting the standards and objectives that are set out for them. Even when staff are working towards a common goal, conflict can still arise. This can be due to different personalities, communication styles, sense of priorities and changes to workload. Trying to prevent conflict is best practice so a manager should try to build an environment that is supportive, positive and stable to try and reduce the likelihood of conflict developing. If conflict does develop then a manager should try to: * Address it at the earliest opportunity. * Keep the discussions positive. Look at what can be done to resolve the conflict. * Encourage the team to focus on the problem, not the person. Encourage honest dialogue between the team, welcoming different points of view that do not create blame. Each individual should be allowed to voice their point of view and also listen to and respect each other’s views. * Ask each individual to accept ownership of their part of the problem. * Discuss a variety of options before settling on an agreement that is based on o bjective criteria that will resolve the conflict. Conflict does not always necessarily have to be a bad thing, as if it is dealt with constructively, can lead to increased productivity, development of new ideas and personal development of team members.

Research of the Tingunee Essay - 689 Words

Research of the Tingunee Meghan Shmunes Cultural Anthropology Professor Pappas June 9 2013 Shmunes 1 After receiving this grant, I cannot wait to go study the people and culture of Tingunee. Before I embark on this journey to the Tingunee of the lower Quebin river valley though, there are some important things I must make sure I do first. There has been no known visitors to Tingunee or any research conducted on their culture, so I will need to take extra precaution with the basic stages I need to complete. Upon my return, I will hope to be the first person to have a basic understanding of the Tingunee culture. Cultural anthropology is the study of people within a particular culture and†¦show more content†¦I plan to answer questions about subjects including marriage, local government, gender roles, religion/ religious beliefs; more specifically the role females play. I will be figuring these questions out by collecting data within the community and to do so properly, I will need to have an emic approach. An emic approach is how the Tingunee people think, perceive other people, how they behave, and how they imagine and explain things. I decided to take the emic approach over the etic approach because the etic approach would involve me emphasizing what I think is important about a culture after interpreting it and because the Tingunee people have not been studied before, I want other people to know their culture and thought processes without including my opinions. An emic approach will allow me to be a part of the community while taking in information without bias. After being amerc ed in the community with my emic approach, I will be able to determine what distinct cultural characteristics separate this culture from the rest. I plan on interviewing individual people, both male and female, to get different perspectives on everyday life within the tribe and the roles each individual plays in the community. Being a female myself will have advantages when talking to Shmunes 3 the females of the Tingunee tribe. I hope to

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