The True Definition Of Leadership Essay - 1641 Words

â€Å"Leaders have been around since the beginning of man,† says the authors of ‘Introduction to Health Care Management.’ (Buchbinder, 2012) As a result, time has taught us the true definition of leadership. For years, the method by which a person has persuaded and motivated others to participate in accomplishing a goal has become monumental. The commitment that great leaders encompass are not defined with a simple definition of leadership. The mutual theme with great leadership is that success is not their ultimate objective. They are leaders, driven by an idea or a vision to achieve a goal, with confidence and determination to generate success. â€Å"To me, consensus seems to be the process of abandoning all beliefs, principles, values and policies. So it is something in which no one believes and too which no one objects.† Margaret Thatcher (Thatcher, n.d.) Margaret Thatcher became the first female British Prime Minister. She was an extraordinary kind of national leader: a person of passionate and unswerving moral and political conviction. (Allen, 2013) In the midst of men, as her peers in her career, Thatcher utilized two leadership theories. In order to be accepted and taken serious, she had to embrace leadership a little differently than normal. Thatcher was breaking barriers and setting trends. As a result, she became, â€Å"a woman with high standards and a short temper, earning her the nickname, ‘Iron Lady.’† (Allen, 2013) The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership whichShow MoreRelatedEthics And Morals That Make For A Good Law Enforcement Officer1625 Words   |  7 Pagesunfamiliar to many of the soldiers. I grew up in a household that used the â€Å"Army† values as a standard for living a good and productive life. The values that the Army stressed will always be my basis f or any type of public service job. LOYALTY – bear true faith and allegiance to the U.S. Constitution, the Army, your unit and other soldiers. Outside the military this could focus on your state, department, other law enforcement officers and most importantly the citizens that you serve. DUTY – FulfillRead MorePersonal Statement On Emotional Intelligence885 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Leadership Assessment Paper This paper has 3 purposes. First, to assess my emotional intelligence (EQ) and relate my EQ to my future nursing practice. Second, to compare the differences between leadership styles. Last, to provide a definition of leadership and illustrate how the provided definition of leadership will impact my future role as an advanced practice nurse practitioner (APNP). The tools used to accomplish the goals of this paper are a web based EQ assessment tool and a reviewRead MoreThe Servant, A Simple Story About The True Essence Of Leadership By James C. 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To be successful in today’s economic environment you need not only strong managers to take care of the day to day tasks but leaders who will inspire those around them to accomplishRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Servant Leadership1730 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of Servant Leadership Servant leadership is a theory based on the notion that one should be a servant to others first, and a leader second. A person should have the desire to serve others, in order to be a servant-leader. The following paper will address several key components of the servant leadership philosophy related to the book: The Servant: A Simple Story About the True Essence of Leadership, written by James C. Hunter. First, I will examine the theory of servant leadership including itsRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Azure College A Nursing Institution1159 Words   |  5 Pagesto. In this paper, the philosophy of Azure College a nursing institution will be examined which is based on to inspire, to prepare and to empower students for meaningful work, fulfilling lives and leadership in a constantly healthcare changing. The philosophy concept of Azure College is the leadership focused on the students where they will be able to transform their ideas into actions that will directly benefit the personal, ec onomic, social and cultural lives of any patients. A single word (concept)Read MoreTest 1: Leadership Management Essays1103 Words   |  5 Pages1Chapter 1 - A boss by definition usually has position power over subordinates. True - A factor common to the leadership classification systems is the view of leadership as a process of influence. True - According to Burns, followers should remember that their leaders are above them and act accordingly. False - An individual perceived by other group members as influential can only be an assigned leader, not an emergent one. False - Followers usually are responsible for maintaining the relationshipRead MoreLeadership As A Skill That All Of Us1184 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership is a skill that all of us have, but not all of us can define. We go throughout our everyday lives being lead, or leading ourselves, and we may not even recognize it. Leadership is something that some consider a unique ability that only few possess, when in actuality we can all do it. By observing and noting specific factors in leadership, you are able to craft your own definition of leadership, and recognize how it is everywhere in our lives. When attempting to define leadership, thereRead MoreLeadership And Management : What Characteristics And Functions Are Required For Each?870 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Management When it comes to leadership and management, many might say that without possessing adequate traits as leader one will never effectively be an efficient manager. Often time’s people will say that great leaders are made not born and that not everyone can be a great leader. Some may have the ability to do great things and others just pretend that they can be leaders when in reality they cannot. This also holds true for being an effective manager as well. While someone may possessRead MoreLeadership Between Governing A Nation And Organizing A Book Club1523 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is an important topic to every organization, society, or group of people with a goal of accomplishing something. Whether it is a world super power nation or a book club, elements of leadership play a role in achieving or not achieving objectives. There are definitely some differences between governing a nation and organizing a book club, but the point is leadership and leaders influence almost every aspect our lives. There are countless descriptions of leadership types, characteristics

Death of a Salesman Essay AP English III Free Essays

Death of a Salesman Essay Wily Loan is a symbolic icon of the failing America. He is representing a typical chaser of the American dream in the sass’s. He experiences a tragedy in his life where he was trying to find his place in his own life with his sons leaving, growing old, and an escalating sense of stubbornness. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a Salesman Essay AP English III or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wily was Just one of many Americans that experienced a great tragedy during this time which was a reason that led up to the great depression in 1929. This makes a symbolic icon of the failing America during this time. Wily Loan had a life most people admired while his sons were still in high school. He had a Job and was very happy at that time. His son Biff was the high school quarterback and was very good at his position. This made Wily extremely proud and hoped he would see his son go off to play football at the college level. He was very content with his life at this point and this symbolizes the booming American economy before the Great Depression. Wily soon got too caught up in the idea of the American Dream, to be hard working and honest among other things. He soon began to get greedy in the idea of the American Dream along with other things that went wrong. His pride soon escalated and prevailed in the worst way. Biff reveals to Wily that he has failed his senior math class and will not have enough credits to graduate high school. This incident highlights and really reveals Willis stubbornness for he Just thinks Biff could just go to summer school and get the credits he needed to graduate. It was not that simple as Wily soon learned. Biff then tells his father he is going to go to an interview or an important high paying Job and Wily is very excited for him to get the Job. Biff ends up not going to the interview because he felt he was not able to get the Job. As he tries to tell his father what happened, Willis stubbornness again shows as he would not even let Biff explain what had happened. Wily keeps talking and interrupting his son saying things as if he got the Job. This causes very high tension between the two and leads to a huge argument at the end of the play that indirectly leads to Wily killing himself. Another incident that escalates to the tragedy that occurs in the play is when Biff catches Wily cheating on his wife. Biff is heartbroken, in shock, and angry all at once and leaves the scene leaving Wily questioning what has become of him and started to realize his life was not what it used to be, but his stubbornness still prevailed. At the end of the play the whole family meets together at their house. A significant argument breaks out mostly between Biff and Wily about how stubborn and blind he really is. Wily ends up telling Biff to get out of his house and Biff says he never wants to come back. The argument was the deciding factor hat led up to Wily getting in his car and killing himself. In the end, Willis stubbornness and pride led to things such as the arguments between him and Biff, him getting fired and refusing to take another Job out of pride, and lack of realization that he was slowly setting the stage for his own demise. Wily was Just another lower middle class American stuck in the idea of the American Dream. Along with many other Americans during the time, he symbolized the failing America of the Great Depression of the sass’s and even the digressing American economy of today. How to cite Death of a Salesman Essay AP English III, Essays

Non Performing Assets (Npa) Essay Example For Students

Non Performing Assets (Npa) Essay INTRODUCTION The core banking business is of mobilizing the deposits and utilizing it for lending to industry. Lending business is generally encouraged because it has the effect of funds being transferred from the system to productive purposes which results into economic growth. The debtor take the funds from the bank in the form of credit and he have to payback the principle amount with the interest to the creditor as a result the creditor (Bank)gets the profit in the form of interest and again this profit is reinvested leading to the growth of the economy. However lending also carries credit risk, which arises from the failure of borrower to fulfill its contractual obligations either during the course of a transaction or on a future obligation. Due to non performance of the fund the financial institutions become bankrupt and failed to provide investors with clearer and more complete information thereby introducing a degree of risk that many investors could neither anticipate nor welcome. The Financial companies and institutions are nowadays facing a major problem of managing the Non Performing Assets (NPA) as these assets are proving to become a major setback for the growth of the economy. Undoubtedly, the world economy has slowed down. Globally stock markets have tumbled and business itself is getting hard to do with the simple reason that the banks (creditor) money in the form of funds get blocked. Under such a situation, it goes without saying that banks are no exception and are bound to face the heat of a global downturn. NON PERFORMING ASSET Non Performing Asset means an asset or account of borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with the directions or guidelines relating to asset classification issued by RBI. An amount due under any credit facility is treated as past due when it has not been paid within 30 days from the due date. Due to the improvement in the payment and settlement systems, recovery climate, up gradation of technology in the banking system, etc. , it was decided to dispense with past due concept, with effect from March 31, 2001. Accordingly, as from that date, a Non performing asset (NPA) shell be an advance where; i. interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of a Term Loan, ii. he account remains out of order for a period of more than 180 days, in respect of an overdraft/ cash Credit(OD/CC), iii. the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted, iv. interest and/ or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and v. any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of other accounts. With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the 90 days overdue norm for identification of NPAs, form the year ending March 31, 2004. Accordingly, with effect form March 31, 2004, a non-performing asset (NPA) shell be a loan or an advance where; i. interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a Term Loan, ii. the account remains out of order for a period of more than 90 days, in respect of an overdraft/ cash Credit(OD/CC), iii. he bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted, iv. interest and/ or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and v. any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of other accounts. Out of order An account should be treated as out of order if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit/ drawing power. In case where the outstanding balance in the principal operating account is less than the sanctioned limit/ drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for six months as on the date of balance sheet or credits are not enough to cover the interest debited during the same period, these account should be treated as out of order. Overdue Any amount due to the bank under any credit facility is overdue if it is not paid on the due date fixed by the bank. INCOME RECOGNITION 1. Income recognition Policy: The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record of recovery. Internationally income from Non-performing assets (NPA) is not recognized on accrual basis but is booked as income only when it is actually received. Therefore, the banks should not charge and take to income account interest on any NPA. 2. Reversal of Income: a) If any advance, including bills purchased and discounted, becomes NPA as at the close of any year, interest accrued and credited to income account in the correspondence previous year, should be reversed or provided for if the same is not realised. ) In respect of NPAs, Fees, Commission and similar income that have accrued should have ceased to accrue in the current period and should be reversed or provided for with respect to past periods, if uncollected. c) Leased Assets: ? The net lease rentals on the leased asset accrued and credited in income account before he asset became non-performing should be reversed or provided for in the curr ent accounting period. ? The term ‘ net lease rentals’ would mean the amount of finance charge taken in the credit of Profit Loss Account and would be worked out as gross lease rentals adjusted by amount of Statutory Depreciation. 3. Reporting of NPAs : ? Banks are required to furnish a Report on NPAs as on 31st March each year after completion of audit. The NPAs would relate to the bank’s global portfolio, including the advances at the foreign branches. ? While reporting NPA figures to RBI, the amount held in interest suspense account, should be shown as a deduction from gross NPA as well as gross advances while arriving at the net NPAs. ASSET CLASSIFICATION Banks are required to classify Non-performing assets further into the following three categories based on the period for which the asset has remained Non-performing and the realization of dues: a) Sub-standard Assets ) Doubtful Assets c) Loss Assets Figure 1. 1: Classification of Assets a) Sub-standard Assets: A sub standard asset was one, which was classified as NPA for a period not exceeding two years. With effect from 31st March 2001, a sub-standard asset is one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 18 months. Such assets will have well defined credit weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the banks will sustain some loss, if deficiencies are not corrected. b) Doubtful Assets: A doubtful asset was one, which remained NPA for a period exceeding two years. With effect from 31st March 2001, an asset is to be classified as doubtful, if it has remained NPA for a period exceeding 18 months. With effect from March 31, 2005, an asset would be classified as doubtful if it remained in the sub-standard category for 12 months. c) Loss Assets: A loss asset is one where the Bank or external Auditors or the RBI inspection has identified loss but the amount has not been written off wholly. In other words such an asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted although there may be some salvage or recovery value. GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS 1. Classification of Assets: The assets should be classified into above categories taking into account the degree of well defined credit weaknesses and the extent of dependencies on collateral security for realization of dues. 2. Banks should establish appropriate internal systems: The internal systems should be established by banks to eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value of accounts. 3. Account with temporary Deficiencies: The classification of an asset as NPA should be based on the record of recovery. Bank should not classify an advance account as NPA merely due to the existence of some deficiencies, which are temporary in nature as such as non-availability of adequate drawing power based on latest stock. 4. Asset classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise: It is difficult to envisage a situation when only one facility to a borrower becomes a problem credit and not others. Therefore, all the facilities granted by a bank to a borrower will have to be treated as NPA and not the particular facility or a part thereof, which has become irregular. 5. Advances under consortium arrangements: Asset classified of accounts under consortium should be based on the record of recovery of the individual member banks and other aspects having a bearing on the recoverability of the advances. 6. Accounts where there is erosion in the value of security: Erosion in the value of security can be reckoned as significant when the realizable value of the security is less than 50 percent of the value assessed by the bank or accepted by RBI at the time of last inspection, as the case may be. Such NPAs may be straightaway classified under doubtful category and provisioning should be made as applicable to doubtful assets. . Agricultural advances: a) In respect of advances granted for agricultural purpose where interest and/ or installment of principal remains unpaid after it has become past due for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years, such an advance should be treated as NPA. b) Where the natural calamities impair the repaying capacity of agricultural borrowers, b anks may decide on their own as a relief measure-conversion of the short-term production loan into a term or re-schedulement of the repayment period. ) In such cases of conversion or re-schedulement, the term loan as well as fresh short-term loan may be treated as current dues and need not be classified as NPA. 8. Restructuring/ Rescheduling of Loans: A standard asset where the terms of the loan agreement regarding interest and principal have been renegotiated or rescheduled after the commencement of production should be classified as sub-standard and should remain in such category for at least one year of satisfactory performance under the renegotiated or restructured terms. In case of substandard and doubtful assets also, rescheduling does not entitle a bank to upgrade the quality of advances automatically unless there is satisfactory performance under the rescheduled/ renegotiated terms. 9. Exceptions: As trading involves only buying and selling of commodities and the problems associated with manufacturing units such as bottleneck in commercial production, time and cost escalation, etc. are not applicable to them, these guidelines will not be applied to restructuring/ rescheduling of credit facilities extended to traders. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES The Tandon Committee (1973) was the first committee in Indian Banking sector to set a proper quality wise grading system of advance portfolio. This was followed by the Chore Committee (1980) which was recognised the need for close watch on the quality of loan portfolio. Phendarkar Committee (1981) recognised the need for classifying advance into different categories to index the overall quality of asset portfolio. This was the starting point for the introduction of the health coding system of categorizing bank loan portfolio by the RBI in 1985. his 8 band concept of health coding of advance accounts from health code 1 to 8 was followed by a circular from RBI to Banks (1989), specifying the need to redefine the practise of charging the interest on loans and advances by the banks on new prudential criteria in line with international practises by ceasing to charge interest on Non performing advances. Narsihmam Committee submitted its first report on November 1991 an d gave more specific criteria for prudential norms of income recognition, asset classification, Provisioning and capital adequacy norms. Narsihmam Committee gave its second report in 1998. He strongly opposed the merger of strong banks with weak ones as this would cause in a negative impact on the asset quality of the stronger bank because of the contaminated portfolio of the weak banks. The committee has not made any suggestions to deal with the extremely high non-performing assets of Indian banks, but has suggested that the concept of an Asset Reconstruction Fund be considered. ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANY The Government has proposed an initial paid-up capital of Rs 1,400 crore and an authorised capital of Rs 2,000 crore for the ARC. In view of the large equity base, the Government is keen to ensure the participation of the maximum number of institutional shareholders to cobble up the amount. The task of the ARC would be to buy out the bad assets of banks and FIs and make efforts for their recovery while compensating the lenders at a negotiated price for the assets taken over. The Government has been catalysing the setting up of the ARC within the existing legal framework. The Ministry of Finance is simultaneously processing a legislative Bill to provide the required legal backing to the entity in future to ensure its smooth functioning. While seeking multilateral support for the new company, the Government had initially approached all the three agencies — the World Bank, ADB and IFC — to explore their willingness to take an equity stake in what would be the countrys first ARC. PROVISIONING FOR NPAs Taking into account the time lag between account becoming doubtful of recovery, its recognition as such, the realization of the security and the erosion in the value of security over time charged to the banks, it has been advised by RBI that banks should make provisions against sub-standard assets, doubtful assets and loss assets, as under: ? Loss Assets – The entire assets should be written off, if the assets are permitted to remain in the books for many reason, 100% of the outstanding should be provided for. Doubtful Assets – 100%of the extent to which the advance is not covered by the realizable value of the security to which the bank has a valid recourse and the realizable value is estimated on a realistic basis. ? Sub – Standard Assets – A general provision of 10%of total of the outstanding. In terms of RBI guidelines, as and when an asset becomes a NPA, such advances would be first classified as a sub-standard one for a period that should not exceed 18 months and subsequently as doubtful assets. It should be noted that the above classification is only for the purpose of computing the amount of provision that should be made with respect to bank advances and certainly not for the purpose of presentation of advances in the banks balance sheet. The third schedule to the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, solely governs presentation of advances in the balance sheet. Banks have started issuing notices under the Securitization Act, 2002 directing the defaulter to either pay back the dues to the bank or else give the possession of the secured assets mentioned in the notice. However, there is a potential threat to recovery if there is substantial erosion in the value of security by the borrower or if the borrower has committed fraud. Under such a situation it will be prudent to directly classify the advance as a doubtful or loss asset, as appropriate. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has merely laid down the minimum provisioning requirement that should be complied with by the concerned bank on a mandatory basis. However, where there is a substantial uncertainty to recovery, higher provisioning should be made by the bank concerned. Table 1. 1: Provisioning for NPAs |Sr. No. Categories |Days Past Due |Provisioning Requirements | |1 |Sub standard |   |10% | |2 |Doubtful |i) upto 1 yr |100% of unsecured + 20% of secured portion | |   |   |ii) 1 to 3 yr |100% of unsecured + 30% of secured portion | |   |   |iii) more than 3 yrs |100% of unsecured + 50% of secured portion | |3 |Loss |   |100% | Note: Implementation of the instructions requiring classif ication of substandard account into doubtful category after 12 months and 100 % provisioning for secured portion of doubtful assets of over 3 years would be deferred by three years. As such the banks should build up adequate provisions over this period to facilitate smooth transition. ADVANCES AND GENERAL INSTRUCTION In whatever form bank advances are granted, they are repayable on demand or at the expiry of some fixed period. Bill of exchange discounted are payable on maturity. Overdrafts and Cash Credits are legally repayable on demand, although the bank seldom exercises the right except in circumstances mentioned below. Loans are payable on the expiry of the periods for which they are granted. In case the loan is repayable in installments and default occurs in the payment of any installment, the entire loan usually becomes immediately recoverable at the option of the bank. Recalling of Advances Banks conduct a regular scrutiny of all the advances and ensure that timely action is taken in each case either for the continuance of the facility on the existing terms or with such modifications as may be considered necessary or for the recovery of the amount if it is decided not to continue the facility. Advances are usually called under the following circumstances: ? death of the borrower or the guarantor. ? Insolvency of the borrower or the guarantor. ? Dissolution of the partnership. ? Failure to renew the document sufficiently before the expiry of the period of limitation. ? Failure to adhere to the terms and conditions of the sanction in spite of bank’s repeated requests. Deterioration of the security. ? Deterioration of the financial position of the party. ? Change in the bank’s policy regarding certain types of advances. The bank may at any time decide to restrict against certain commodities because of their overproduction. ? There may also be other reasons fo r withdrawing the facility e. g. the law and order situation in a certain place is such that it may be risky to continue the advance there. In the cases stated above, the bank endeavors to recover the advance by making the formal demand and thereafter, if necessary, by putting pressure on the borrower or his legal representatives, as the case may be, with a threat of legal action. If there is a guarantor he is also called upon to adjust the account or have it adjusted by the principal. Much will however depend on the honesty of the purpose of the borrower and his legal position at that time. If he is already heading towards insolvency, any indulgence shown to him may further complicate matters for the bank. If the threat of litigation does not have the desired effect, the bank may consider filing a suit. It must however be remembered that the legal proceedings entail a good deal of delay and expenses and the results in the long run are generally not satisfactory. CAUSES FOR RISE IN NPA The RBI has summarized the finer factors contributing to higher level of NPAs in the Indian banking sector as: ? Physician-assisted Suicide Essay ThesisAfter the onset of banking sector reform in India, the Reserve Bank of India initiated a system of Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) with various trigger points and mandatory and discretionary responses by the supervising authority on a real time basis. The PCA framework relied on three major indicators of banking sector performance: Net Non Performing Asset (NPA), Capital-To-Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) and Return on Assets (ROA). The present paper seeked to combine the ratio approach adopted by the Reserve Bank of India with the Assurance Region based measure of technical efficiency to find out a composite Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based efficiency indicator of 28 observed commercial banks for 2002-03 to 2004-05. The results showed that the observed private sector commercial banks had higher mean technical efficiency score compared to those of the public sector commercial banks. Out of the 28 observed commercial banks considered for the study, six were found to be efficient. A study of the technical efficiency scores across ownership groups revealed that the observed private sector banks had higher mean technical efficiency scores compared to their public sector counterparts. Finally, most of the observed commercial banks exhibit decreasing returns to scale for the period under observation. Toby (2008) studied the Monetary Policy, Capital Adequacy Regulation and Banking System Soundness in Nigeria The purpose of this research was two-fold. First, the study was intended to determine the effects of bank liquidity management practices (monetary policy outcomes) on industry asset quality, measured with the proportion non-performing loans (npls) in the loans portfolio. Second, it investigated the effects of capital adequacy regulation on selected bank asset quality and efficiency measures. Relevant data were generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria (C. B. N. ) and Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (N. D. I. C. ) official sources, including the balance sheets of selected Nigerian quoted banks. By the use of eight multiple regression equations, it was found that the use of the minimum liquidity ratio (MLR) is irrelevant in controlling industry NPAs. The objective of controlling banking sector liquidity in the Nigerian industry with the MLR may rather increase industry NPAs and culminate in high risk concentrations. The cash reserve ratio (CRR) was more effective tool in controlling the level of NPAs in the industry as a whole and the distressed banks in particular. As the ratio of equity to loans advances increases, we should expect the classified loans ratio to decrease and asset quality to rise, and vice versa. Under regimes of rising equity-to-total-assets (ETA) ratio, we should expect the loan loss reserves ratio to fall, and vice versa. Basak (2009) made an attempt to examine the working and financial performance of the Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) that cater to the credit needs of persons of small means. Though some UCBs had performed creditably in the recent years, a large number of them have shown discernible signs of weakness. The operational efficiency was unsatisfactory and characterized by low profitability, ever-growing Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) and relatively low capital base. The large-scale sickness in the UCBs had shaken the public confidence in cooperative banks. In this context, this study was conducted. To make the analysis simpler and presentable, the author took up the Contai Co-operative Bank Ltd. , one of the leading UCBs in West Bengal for a case study. The study was based on secondary data and other information provided by the bank in its published annual reports. The relevant data had been collected for the period from 1995-96 to 2006-07. This data had been analyzed with the help of statistical tools like ratios, percentages, averages and trend analysis, chi-square test, and multiple regression analysis. The objective of the study was to identify and analyze the trend, progress and problems of this bank, to throw light on the problems of swelling NPAs and to offer some meaningful suggestions for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of this bank. The perusal of review of literature revealed that number of studies had been conducted regarding NPAs. But in all these studies the main focus was mainly on the impact of non performing assets on the profitability of the concerns. Its focus remained on the issues related to the operational efficiency which is unsatisfactory with the ever growing nonperforming assets. Such areas like causes that convert the loan assets into NPAs and the remedies to control them were overlooked in the above researches. NEED OF STUDY The need of the study was to reduce the gap that was identified in the previous researches. The researches conducted earlier lay emphasis on the meaning of non performing assets and their performance. It showed that increase and decrease in non performing assets affects the performance and its cost and even affects the economies of scale. The areas like causes of NPAs and remedies to control them were ignored. Considering the ample importance of this aspect, the present study was conducted to know the existence of non performing assets in the banks and to find out the causes of their occurrence. On the basis of such causes, this study evaluated the measures that banks were adopting to manage it. SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of the research was to know about non performing assets present in banks. It included the meaning, types, causes, remedies, RBI regulations related to NPA. The respondents of the study were limited to Amritsar city and the sample size was 50 banks. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY . The study has been undertaken in order to achieve the following objectives: ? To know the number of NPA cases faced by banks. ? To know the reasons due to which loan assets are converted into NPAs. ? To know the remedies used by banks to control NPAs To evaluate the strategies followed by banks to manage NPAs. ? To suggest appropriate strategies to control NPAs. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The research methodology includes the various methods and techniques for conducting a research. Marketing research is the systematic design, collection, analys is and reporting of data and finding relevant solution to a specific marketing situation or problem. I. RESEARCH DESIGN: Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. The purpose of research is to discover answers through the application of scientific procedures. This project has a specified framework for collecting data in an effective manner. Such framework is called â€Å"Research Design†. Type of Research This research is descriptive in nature because it is regarding the knowing of causes of non performing assets prevailing in banks and financial institutions. It includes survey that is conducted in order to gather the already existing information. It even describes the remedies taken by banks and financial institutions in controlling NPAs. II. SAMPLING DESIGN: Sample Universe – Universe refers to the total of the items or units in any field of inquiry. It refers to the geographical area that is covered while conducting the research. Universe for this project was all the banks operating in India. Sampling unit – The target population must be defined that has to be sampled. The sampling unit pertaining to this study was all the banks in Amritsar city. Sample size – This refers to number of respondents to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample. The sample size of 50 banks was taken. Sampling Technique – Convenience Sampling was used to select the sample. Convenient sampling is a non probability sampling technique that attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements . In case of convenience sampling, the selection of sample depends upon the discretion of the interviewer. In this project, Questionnaire Method was used for the collecting the data. With the help of this method of collecting data, a sample survey was conducted. III. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: †¢ Secondary sources: Secondary sources are those which are collected from the already published material. In this study secondary data was collected from books, journals and websites. †¢ Primary Data: Primary data are those which hare collected afresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. In this study primary data was collected from respondents with the help of well structured questionnaire. IV. TOOLS OF PRESENTATION: Tables and figures were used to present the data. V. TOOLS OF ANALYSIS: The analysis was done by using percentages. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY It is said, â€Å"What is worth doing is worth doing best†. In other words a person should aim at perfection. However in real life this is not always possible. Human have to work within the limitation set by the nature and society. That is to say even though every possible effort has been made to make this project report authentic and comprehensive however many constraints were also at play. The major limitations of the study are:- ? Due to paucity of time and resources a countrywide survey was not possible. Hence only Amritsar city has been taken for the study. Since a smaller sample was chosen so it may not be a true representative of the population under study. ? The possibility of the respondent’s responses being biased cannot be ruled out. ? Most of the study was restricted to Internet and published data because of the non availability of primary data. After collecting the data the analysis of data and interpretation is done. Tabulation of data is done wherein classified data is put in the form of tables. After tabulation the analysis work is carried out using various techniques. Statement: To know whether there were non performing assets in the organization. Table 5. 1: Existence of Non Performing Assets in the Organizations |Existence of NPAs |No. f Respondents |%age of responses | |Yes |47 |94 | |No |3 |6 | |Total |50 |100 | Figure 5. 1: Existence of Non Performing Assets in the Organizations Analysis and Interpretation: It was clear from the table that out of 50 respondents majority had non performing assets in their organization. i. e. 94% banks had NPAs and 6% were without it. Statement: To know the number of cases that become NPAs every year. Table 5. 2: Percentage No. of Cases that Become NPAs No. of Cases (%) |No. of Respondents |% age of Responses | |1%-2% |18 |38. 30 | |2%-3% |19 |40. 43 | |3%-4% |4 |8. 51 | |4%-5% |2 |4. 25 | |5%Above |4 |8. 1 | | Total |47 |100 | Figure 5. 2: Percentage No. of Cases that Become NPAs Analysis and Interpretation: It represented that out of 50 banks, 40. 43% of banks had NPAs between 2%-3%, 38. 30% had NPAs between 1%-2%, 8. 51% had between 3%-4% and 5% above while remaining 4. 25% had between 4%-5%. Statement: To know which cases become NPAs mostly. Table 5. 3: Type of Cases Becoming NPAs |Type of Cases |No. of Respondents |% age of Responses | |Fully financed |42 |80. 7 | |Partially financed |10 |19. 23 | |Total |52 |100 | Figure 5. 3: Type of Cases Becoming NPAs Analysis and Interpretation: Most of the cases of fully financed in which the whole project is financed by the lender, were becoming NPAs i. e. 80. 77% and the remaining cases were of partially financed i. e. 19. 23%, in which some amount is provided as a loan. Statement: To know the types of lending that converts into NPAs. Table 5. : Lendings Provided by Institutions that Become NPAs |Types of lending |No. of Respondents |% age o f Responses | |Personal loans |23 |28. 40 | |Housing loans |22 |27. 16 | |Motor Vehicle |13 |16. 05 | |Business Financing |11 |13. 58 | |Project Financing |7 |8. 4 | |Any Other |5 |6. 17 | |Total |81 |100 | Figure 5. 4: Lendings Provided by Institutions that Become NPAs Analysis and Interpretation: According to 28. 40% of banks, personal loans, for 27. 16% housing loans, for 16. 05% loans for motor vehicle, 13. 58% loans for business financing, 8. 64% loans for project financing were becoming NPAs. Remaining 6. 17% falls in any other categories which include loans given against Government guarantee. Statement: To know the security/collateral required by banks against above loans. Table 5. 5: Security/Collateral Required Against Loans |Security |No. of Respondents |%age Responses | |Property |38 |54. 28 | |Fixed Deposits |16 |22. 86 | |Stock in Trade |10 |14. 29 | |Any other |6 |8. 7 | |Total |70 |100 | Figure 5. 5: Security/Collateral Required Against Loans Analysis and Interpretation: From above it was clear that 54. 28% require property for granting loans,22. 86% provide loans against fixed deposits, 14. 29% provide loans against stock and remaining 8. 57% requires other types of security for advancing loans. Statement: To know the main reasons for loan assets becoming NPAs. Table 5. 6: Reasons for Becoming NPAs |Reasons |No. of Respondents |%age of Responses | |Willful Default |20 |28. 7 | |Poor follow-up Supervision |19 |26. 76 | |Market failure |11 |15. 49 | |High targets fixed by banks |9 |12. 68 | |Wrong lending |7 |9. 86 | |Poor legal framework |3 |4. 22 | |Any other |2 |2. 2 | |Total |71 |100 | Figure 5. 6: Reasons for Becoming NPAs Analysis and Interpretation: It is clear from above that 28. 17% considered willful default by borrowers as the main reason for the occurrence of non performing assets. For 26. 76% poor follow-up and supervision, for 15. 49% market failure, for 12. 68% high targets, for 9. 86% wrong lending, for 4. 22% poor legal framework were the reasons for loan assets becoming NPAs. Statement: To know the existence of recovery system prevailing in the organizations for the recovery of NPAs. Table 5. : Existence of Recovery System in the Organization |Recovery system |No. of Respondents |% age of Responses | |Yes |46 |97. 87 | |No |1 |2. 13 | |Total |47 |100 | Figure 5. 7: Existence of Recovery System in the Organization Analysis and Interpretation: Majority i. e. 97. 7% of the banks had recovery system in their organization for controlling NPAs while the remaining 2. 13% did not have any type of recovery system with them. Statem ent: To know the remedies taken by banks to control/manage NPAs. Table 5. 8: Various Remedies to Control NPAs |Remedies |No. of Respondents |% age of Responses | |Proper field investigation |31 |39. 24 | |Strict follow-up |22 |27. 85 | |Effective credit appraisal |19 |24. 5 | |Normal funding limit |0 |- | |Any other |7 |8. 86 | |Total |79 |100 | Figure 5. 8: Various Remedies to Control NPAs Analysis and Interpretation: It was clear from above that 39. 24% considered proper field investigation as effective measure in controlling NPAs. 27. 85% considered strict follow- up, 24. 05% considered effective credit appraisal as the remedies to control NPAs. Statement: To know the performance of recovery system Table 5. 9: Performance of Working of Recovery System |Performance |No. of Respondents |% age of Responses | |Poor |2 |4. 26 | |Fair |6 |12. 77 | |Good |28 |59. 57 | |Very Good |8 |17. 2 | |Excellent |3 |6. 38 | |Total |47 |100 | Figure 5. 9: Performance of Working of Recovery System Analysis and Interpretation: It was clear from the above that 59. 57% of the banks reported the performance of their recovery system as good, for 17. 02% the recovery system was working very good. For 12. 77% the performance was not good but fair. Only 6. 38% reported the working of recovery system as excellent. Statement: To know whether long term strategy would be fruitful in controlling NPAs. Table 5. 0: Fruitfulness of Developing Long Term Strategy |Long term strategy |No. of Respondents |%age of Responses | |Yes |44 |93. 62 | |No |3 |6. 38 | |Total |47 |100 | Figure 5. 10: Fruitfulness of Developing Long Term Strategy Analysis and Interpreta tion: It was also clear that for majority of the banks i. e. 93. 2% long term plans will help in managing non performing assets. For the remaining 6. 38% these would not work in controlling NPAs. Statement: To know the percentage of future targets for NPAs. Table 5. 11: Future Targets for NPAs |Amount (%) |No. of Respondents |%age of Responses | |less than 1% |31 |65. 96 | |1%-2% |12 |25. 53 | |2%-3% |4 |8. 1 | |3%-4% |0 |- | |4% above |0 |- | |Total |47 |100 | Figure 5. 11: Future Targets for NPAs Analysis and Interpretation: From the above data it was clear that for the majority 65. 96% their future targets in controlling NPAs would be less than 1%. 25. 53% of the financial institutions try to range their NPAs between 1%-2% and the remaining 8. 51% try to keep it within the limit of 2%-3%. On the basis of this study, the most crucial points that can be highlighted were as follows: ? Out of 50, majority of the banks had non performing assets in their organization. This showed that many of the loans and advances given by banks were not recovered by them. ? Majority of the banks face less percentage of NPAs every year. This showed that out of total advances, maximum was returned to them by the borrowers. ? Majority of the fully financed cases, in which whole project is financed by banks, become NPAs. ? In maximum of the cases loans were provided against the property of a borrower and against his fixed deposits. ? Mostly the personal loans and housing loans turned into NPAs. This showed that artificial property is shown by borrowers at the time of availing loan. ? Willful default was the main reason causing NPA. A borrower may have enough money but he may not have intention to pay the installment money. ? Poor follow-up was another main reason for NPAs. It was seen that inadequate supervision made the chances of the assets to become NPAs very high. ? In order to control non performing assets, majority of the banks had recovery system in their respective organizations. ? Although many remedies were taken by majority of the banks in controlling NPAs but proper field investigation contributed to the maximum. It helped in accurate verification of income, property of the person who want loan against it. According to majority of the banks the recovery system was working good but not excellent. ? Financial institutions consider the development of long term strategy beneficial in controlling non performing assets. ? Last but not the least many banks aimed at con trolling the non performing assets less than 1%. CONCLUSION Non performing asset is a worrying factor for the banks. It is affecting the profitability of the banks by adding to the cost very badly. Though a good number of preventive moves were taken in this regards but the problem is inev

The Development of Emotional Intelligence and Its Application

Introduction Emotional intelligence (EI) is the â€Å"ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions† (Desimone, Werner and Harris 2002). There are various debates concerning EI. Some studies claim that EI is innate whereas others suggest that people can learn and improve their EI. Peter Salovey and John Mayer have studied EI since the year 1990.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of Emotional Intelligence and Its Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to them, EI is â€Å"the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions† (Salovey and Mayer 1990). Salovey and Mayer developed a model of EI consisting of four factors. First, they claimed that the initial stage of understanding EI involves acc urate perception of emotions. Perceiving emotions involves understanding nonverbal forms of communication such as body signals. Second, there is also reasoning with emotions. This stage involves applying emotions so as to enhance mental activities. In this manner, emotions help individuals recognise things that attract attention. Third, there is understanding of emotions. This is because different emotions may reflect different meanings and people may attempt to interpret such emotions so as to understand their causes. Finally, the model also proposed management of emotions. This entails controlling emotions and responses as well as considering emotions of others. Salovey and Mayer claimed that they arranged the model from basic to high psychological processes. In other words, the lower levels compose of simple tasks such as perceiving and expressing emotions. Conversely, the higher levels consist of complex processes such as awareness, reflection and controlling emotions. Proponent s of EI believe that both an individual and an organisation derive value from understanding EI effects on organisations and individual productivity. In most cases, majorities of workers devote limited time to personal development due to busy schedules and commitments. This affects organisations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, organisations must develop employees’ development programmes in order to enhance EI. Organisations benefit from employees who are emotionally sensitive to customers and colleagues. This creates positive business relationships among all stakeholders. Investing in employees’ personal development increases productivity and motivation of the workforce. Individuals also benefit from developing EI in terms improving their relationships at workplaces and social life. At the same time, they also develop a better understanding and han dling of emotional situations of others. The concept of EI also applies to organisational behaviours. It is relevant in the field of industrial and organisational psychology (I/O psychology). I/O psychology scientifically studies workforce, organisations, and workplaces (Robbins 2005). EI and I/O psychology enhance organisational development through improving the workplace environment, employees’ satisfaction and their well-being. Organisations can rely on I/O for improving their hiring processes, educative programmes, and develop employees’ behaviours and attitude. In addition, studying organisational behaviour is also important for organisations during changes and developments. Thus, human capital, emotional intelligence and organisational behaviours relate to understanding workplaces and positive behaviours of employees. Positive behaviours of employees have positive contributions to organisational objectives. Relevance of Emotional Intelligence to individuals and o rganizations in the context of Organisational Behaviour Organisational goals about employees’ behaviours aim at transforming employees’ behaviours in an effective manner (Desimone, Werner and Harris 2002). In organisations, the focus has been on employees’ behaviours that improve performance and behaviours that enhance teamwork and unity. Most organisations focus their efforts on employees’ behaviours that improve organisational performance. Emotional intelligence falls in the second category of organisational behaviours that focus on improving teamwork and relationships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of Emotional Intelligence and Its Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, ever since the works of Salovey and Mayer and later Goleman, EI has gained considerable recognition in modern organisations. EI has become relevant in the modern workplace. We can at tribute this interest among organisations to their desires to enhance business performance and desire among management to predict employees’ behaviours. The works of Mayer and Salovey have continued to influence the field of EI. They have created a link between emotions and mental capabilities of subjects and concluded that the two are inseparable. Thus, they concluded that emotions and cognitive were important in studying decision-making processes among people as they influenced how people react to situations. The challenge with EI is the concept of measurement. This is because measurement remains the main source of controversy in studying EI and its application in organisational behaviours. Past studies have relied on testing as the basis for measuring EI. However, we have to acknowledge that EI remains a matter of personal experience. Based on personal experiences, the measurement of EI is prone to personal bias due to self-assessment. However, self-reports have remained e ffective approach in measuring EI in a given context as Jordan and Troth noted (Jordan and Troth 2004). These studies maintain that assessing factors like emotional awareness can only be accurate when self-report is the tool of measurement. This is because people can identify their own behaviours and reactions in certain situations. As a result, they can measure such situations from lack of interest to situations that demand attention. According to Jordan and Ashkanasy, combination of self-reports and peer reports as tools of measurements of EI can provide the valid measure of emotional self-awareness among teams (Jordan and Ashkanasy 2006). These tools of measuring EI are at initial stages of development. However, studies claim that such tools have psychometric validity. Thus, they give reasonable and valid results of EI measures. Application of EI in organisational behaviours relies on empirical data that can prove findings and claims most scholars in this field advocate. However, critics believe that EI lacks sufficient data to prove such applications in organisations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such critics argue that potential applications of EI in organisational behaviours have not undergone thorough testing to prove their validity due to infancy stage of such measurement tools in relation to other areas of measuring personality and intelligence (Locke 2005). In addition, these critics also claim that proponents of EI applications in organisational settings rely on data based on flawed models of EI. These models are not consistent with the original definition as Mayer and Salovey suggested. In addition, some of these studies have wide coverage than the original model of Salovey and Mayer. Such studies have created opportunities for critics to dismiss claims by proponents of EI applications in workplaces (Daus and Ashkanasy 2003). EI remains a controversial issue in relation to organisational behaviour as Daus and Ashkanasy discovered (Daus and Ashkanasy 2003). Landy and Locke have criticised popular models of EI (Landy 2005; Locke 2005). These researchers view these mode ls based on their shortcomings. Landy and Locke argue that modern models of EI originated from discredited views of Thorndike which are more than 80 years old. This was the source of social intelligence. Some of these criticisms fail to consider recent scientific works on EI with reference to organisations. For instance, Ashton-James concurs with the definition of EI in the works of Ashkanasy (Ashkanasy and Ashton-James 2004). However, he criticises the methods and abilities of how to measure EI. According to Ashton-James, any attempt to measure EI should put emphasis on respondents’ abilities to experience emotions that they should give their feedback on during EI tests. However, we must recognise that Ashton-James criticise EI from its original definition. This is necessary because various proponents and critics promulgate their own definitions of EI as the case of Goleman and Bar-On (Goleman 1998; Bar-On 1997). According to these critics, EI is a modern reflection of socia l intelligence. These scholars further argue that any model of intelligence that relies purely on intellectual capabilities cannot sufficiently explain human behaviours and capabilities in practical situations. Locke fiercely criticises the EI that it is an approach that has a political motivation through egalitarian ideas as â€Å"everyone will, in some form, be equal in intelligence to everyone else† (Locke 2005). Landy also supports this idea. Locke notes that EI is not an appropriate field of scholarly study and should not apply to organisations. However, proponents argue that Locke still cling to outmoded models of the past where such research relied solely on mental processes and behaviours in order to provide explanations for organisational behaviours. Studies that support EI and organisational behaviour emerged after the work of Ashforth and Humphrey as forms of support to their idea (Ashforth and Humphrey 1995). According to Humphrey and Ashforth, EI is influential i n areas of service provision, and leaders may also engage emotional labour so as to motivate and influence moods of their employees and improve performance of the organisation. These studies suggest how EI is significant in the service industry where employees interact with customers and other employees. We can see the rapid growth of service sector. In this field, EI is useful for employees who serve customers as they can be able to manage different emotions in order to meet given core values of organisations. This is how we can link job performance to employees’ EI as their abilities to control emotions may aid them cope with work requirements. Later studies have raised interest in the subject and referred to such works as affective revolution in organisational behaviours. In addition, studies of Robbins show latest research that supports EI in organisational contexts (Robbins 2005). From the renewed interests in the subject, we can argue that EI is not a new form of social intelligence or another theory to study intellectual intelligence. EI has emerged as a strong area of study in the field of I/O psychology and studies in organisational behaviours. Thus, we can use EI to predict and understand behaviours in organisations. These studies prove the relevance of EI in understanding and predicting organisational behaviour. We can observe how critics like Ashton-James have changed the definition of EI. However, we should look at EI from the earlier perspective of Salovey and Mayer. This is the ideal definition of EI that future researchers should base their criticisms. At the same time, scholars interested in understanding EI should review scholarly works that focus on EI in order to understand theoretical underpinning of the concept. This shall enable them understand EI and its application in organisational behaviour. Conclusion We have noted the development of EI and its practical application in understanding and predicting organisational behaviours. T his implies that the concept of EI shall continue to evolve in organisational behaviour studies. The field has gained recognition after the study by Ashforth and Humphrey. The focus on emotional abilities of employees continues to influence the field of organisational behaviour. Organisations find EI useful in their attempts to enhance workforce productivity and predict their behaviours. At the same time, organisations find EI relevant in recruitment and selection of employees that can adapt to different situations. This enhances team effectiveness and organisational output (Jordan and Ashkanasy 2006). Some studies have also shown that organisations that focus on EI have improved their healthy relationship among employees (Goleman 1998). Goleman’s applications of EI in workplace using concepts of self-management, empathy, self-awareness and social skills demonstrate the positive application of EI in organisations. We must also appreciate the works of critics that claim distra ct the theory of EI. Such criticisms lead to further studies in the field of EI and organisational behaviours. Thus, some scholars have concluded that emerging studies are good indicators of developments in this field of study and claims by critics lack substantial grounds. Organisations using EI tests to assess and predict behaviours of their employees face difficult tasks in developing strategies for EI testing, methods, and processes. In addition, EI lacks official body that can control types of tests subjects take. Still, these tests may be subjective and have different meanings depending on personal experiences of the subjects. To this end, we must also note the inherent bias as subjects may not provide true responses due to ambiguities with some of the test materials. Reference List Ashforth, Blake, and Ronald Humphrey. â€Å"Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal.† Human Relations 48 (1995): 97-125. Ashkanasy, Neal, and Claire Ashton-James. â€Å"Performance impacts of appraisal and coping with stress in workplace settings: The role of affect and emotional intelligence.† Research in occupational stress and wellbeing 3 (2004): 1-43. Bar-On, Reuven. Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: A measure of Emotional Intelligence, Toronto: ON: Multi-Health Systems, Inc, 1997. Daus, Catherine, and Neal Ashkanasy. â€Å"Will the real emotional intelligence please stand up? On deconstructing the emotional intelligence ‘debate’.† The Industrial and Organizational Psychologist 41 (2003): 69-72. Desimone, Randy, Jon Werner, and David Harris. Human Resource Development, 3rd ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers, 2002. Goleman, Daniel. Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books, 1998. Jordan, Peter and Neal Ashkanasy. â€Å"Emotional intelligence, emotional selfawareness and team effectiveness.† Linking Emotional Intelligence And Performance At Work (2006): 145-164. Jordan, Peter and Ashlea Troth.  "Managing Emotions During Team Problem Solving.† Human Performance 17 (2004): 195-218. Landy, Frank. â€Å"Some historical and scientific issues related to research on emotional intelligence.† Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (2005): 411-424. Locke, Edwin. â€Å"Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept.† Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (2005): 425-431. Robbins, Stephen. Organizational behavior, 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:: Prentice Hall, 2005. Salovey, Peter and John Mayer. â€Å"Emotional intelligence.† Imagination, cognition, and personality 9 no. 3 (1990): 185-211. This essay on The Development of Emotional Intelligence and Its Application was written and submitted by user Gilbert Johns to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Creative Overview of the Black Death essays

Creative Overview of the Black Death essays It is a year of our Lord 1352, on the twentieth day of the month of October. It was a sunny and steady day. Normally Genoa gets cold and miserable at this time of the year, but today, probably, God sends a pitch of mercy to our devastated land. It is quiet around. At any given moment I would have been grateful for this peace and tranquility, but today I feel just sad. No one is around. Mediterranean wind is playing with last leaves on my castano tree. They were the only spirit I could talk to these days, but looks like they are being taken away. Emptiness, darkness, misery Go, maybe you will find a better place to be. But who am I trying to deceive here? There is no better life around. Cruelty, hunger, hopelessness The curse has invaded and swallowed not only Holy Roman Empire, also Byzantine Empire, and even Constantinople. The death has touched everything from Cordoba, to Cairo, to Caffa (p.13). Everyone I have known is gone forever. Even all my animals got swept away by the plague: the dogs have died and the rats have run or hidden. It was exactly 5 years ago, when the Lord sent the curse on our land. Twelve slaves got harshly punished by God for being sinful (Michele da Piazza, p. 29). They ran away from our city all the way to Messina, but the infection had already pierced them to the bones. They left the infection spreading in Genoa before the run. The destruction has begun. The sickness was highly contagious, that anyone who spoke to them would bring an unavoidable death on himself. The consequences were terrifying in every case. Some people were losing the ability to speak; they were still alive and tried so hard to scream out for help, but their tongue just seemed incredibly heavy and out of control. I saw my neighbors family getting sick all at once, spitting their blood for three days until they were all done, all at once. In this case, the evil attacked not the head, but the lung which produced very ...

Funny Quotes on Life That Teach You to Lighten Up

Funny Quotes on Life That Teach You to Lighten Up I find funny things happening around me all the time. Just the other day, my husband and my kids were tap dancing around the house. Usually, my husband is not predisposed to dancing, but here he was making tribal sounds and jerking his shoulders, as if he had been partially electrocuted. And no, this was not a new dancing style in vogue. This was simply his attempt to hunt a little spider. That little creature had suddenly decided to go bungee-jumping from the ceiling straight into my hubbys clothes. So why were the kids tap dancing too? Because they were excited, as they expected him to turn spidery and crawl up the walls, like their favorite superhero. Well, he almost made their wish come true.And if things couldnt get worse, I managed to get out of the tangled web of spiders to walk straight into a hive of angry bees at the park. Thats when I saw some neighborhood kids laughing their guts out. I wonder what could be so funny about an oversized woman running in the park with a purse above her head, and a host of buzzing bees angrily chasing her. It was probably the high heels that grabbed too much attention! Life Is FunnyLifes funny at times. You find many situations that make you smirk or smile. Perhaps you read a funny status message on Facebook or Twitter? Or perhaps a friend said something hilarious that kept you smiling through the day? Life is funny, when you look at the lighter side of things. Humor keeps stress at bay, and makes time pass smoothly, like a well-oiled machine.Humor can be a double-edged sword though. Statements laced with sarcasm can drive home a point. Want to tell your neighbor that his dog stinks? Poke harmless fun at your neighbor. Maybe he will get the message. But what if you tell your boss that you are overworked and underpaid? Try making a humorous remark that subtly drives the message home. You may actually end up with a fatter paycheck or some other perks. That is, if you dont get fired for speaking up.What If You Cant Spot the Funny Stuff?If you are blessed with a funny bone, you will see the funnier side of things. However, if you lack the ability to la ugh, you may need help. Read these funny quotes on life. These quotes inspire you to find humor in the mundane. Whether you are trying to understand humor or life, there is a lot to gain from funny quotes.Alyce P. Cornyn-SelbyA perfect method of adding drama to life is to wait until the deadline looms large.Jane Wagner, The Search for Intelligent Life in The UniverseAll my life, I always wanted to be somebody. Now I see that I should have been more specific.Woody AllenAll people know the same truth. Our lives consist of how we choose to distort it.Yogi BerraAlways go to other peoples funerals, otherwise they wont come to yours.Herbert SamuelAn autobiography is the story of how a man thinks he lived.Mark Twain Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint.Lao-TzuBorn to be wild - live to outgrow it.Robert GronockHe who sleeps on the floor will not fall off the bed.Woody AllenI am not afraid of death, I just dont want to be there when it happens.Winston ChurchillI am prepared to meet my Ma ker. Whether my Maker is prepared for the great ordeal of meeting me is another matter.Woody AllenI do not believe in an afterlife, although I am bringing a change of underwear.Whoopi GoldbergI dont like driving very much. That makes me very unhappy, because I scream a lot in the car, but other than that, life is actually pretty good.Jim RohnI find it fascinating that most people plan their vacations with better care than they do their lives.Oscar WildeI put all my genius into my life; I put only my talent into my works.Dean SmithIf you’re going to make every game a matter of life or death, you’re going to have a lot of problems. For one thing, you’ll be dead a lot.Joey AdamsIn life, its not who you know thats important, its how your wife found out.Truman CapoteLife is a moderately good play with a badly written third act.Oscar WildeLife is far too important a thing ever to talk seriously about.Bertrand RussellLife is nothing but a competition to be the criminal rath er than the victim. Djuna BarnesLife is painful, nasty and short... in my case it has only been painful and nasty.Bob MonkhousePersonally, I dont think theres intelligent life on other planets. Why should other planets be any different from this one?Fran LebowitzStand firm in your refusal to remain conscious during algebra. In real life, I assure you, there is no such thing as algebra.George CarlinThe day after tomorrow is the third day of the rest of your life.Robert HeinleinThe supreme irony of life is that hardly anyone gets out of it alive.Oscar WildeThere are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.Benjamin FranklinWere it offered to my choice, I should have no objection to a repetition of the same life from its beginning, only asking the advantages authors have in a second edition to correct some faults in the first.Mark TwainWhen we remember we are all mad, the mysteries disappear and life stands explained.Stephen FryA cousin of mine who was a ca sualty surgeon in Manhattan tells me that he and his colleagues had a one-word nickname for bikers: Donors. Rather chilling.Neil SimonHe’s too nervous to kill himself. He wears his seat belt in a drive-in movie.Jim CarreyI think everybody should get rich and famous and do everything they ever dreamed of so they can see that its not the answer.Henny YoungmanI told the doctor I broke my leg in two places. He told me to quit going to those places.Stephen WrightI went to a restaurant that serves breakfast at any time. So I ordered French Toast during the Renaissance.Mae WestIs that a gun in your pocket, or are you just glad to see me?Cathy GuisewiteMothers, food, love, and career: the four major guilt groups.Amelia EarhartNever interrupt someone doing what you said couldnt be done.Mark TwainNever put off till tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.Sholom AleichemNo matter how bad things get, you got to go on living, even if it kills you.

Strategic Planning for International Travel Essay

Strategic Planning for International Travel - Essay Example In the "Strategic planning for international travel" essay, the author describes the prevailing situation in the travel industry in the United Kingdom. The importance of International travel, infrastructure and public-private partnership for UK International Travel are described. Most of the European countries belong to the category of developed nation, and the countries like United Kingdom (UK), France, Germany, Italy etc are the major economic powers. As this paper deals with the international travel of UK, the focus will be on this country. European nations are economically and technically developed and hence, their transportation and travel system are quite advanced. UK is one of the leading financial powers of Europe. Its GDP as per purchasing power is nearly $2.189 trillion and per capita GDP is recorded $35,100 during 2010 (CIA, 2011). After the financial crisis of 2007-2008, its economic growth has experienced a steep downfall. However, UK’s economy is now at its recov ering stage and government is trying to bring further developments by encouraging trade and business. Tours and travels is an important aspect for the growth of trade and business and hence, the government is trying to improve its infrastructure and technology for availing better transportation system. The services industries are playing very crucial role in UK as 75% of its GDP is contributed by these services sectors. UK’s services industries include a number of sectors like transport, communication, financial, distribution, distribution, tourism etc. (U.S. Department of State, 2010). Increases trade and business activities in UK have necessitated major infrastructural and

Influence of Colonialism on Political Structures of Africa Nations Essay

Influence of Colonialism on Political Structures of Africa Nations - Essay Example The first Europeans to settle in Africa were Portuguese in 1446. Other Europeans came in Africa first as missionaries, then as colonizers. The British and German idea was for imperialism while the French had no problems with assimilation. The numerous natural resources made Africa attractive to most European nations. Presently, like most parts of the world, Africa has different people, cultures, languages and history partly because of colonialism (Hrituleac 2). Various literatures exist on the influence of colonization to countries. However, most political science and history research analyzes the implication of colonialism in a holistic manner. Ziltener and Kunzler observe that this analysis is not sufficient as different colonial methods were used in different colonies (305). Moreover, the debate of the political and economic influence of colonialism in Africa is still open with some school of thoughts arguing that colonialism has assisted Africa more than exploited it. The assistance in infrastructure, education, urbanization, new political and economic systems is often cited. This paper will attempt to weigh in on the debate by using secondary data to explore the influence of colonialism in Africa by observing three African countries with distinct colonial history.

Example of Business Report Essay Example for Free

Example of Business Report Essay Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to investigate a student club at a private university in Jakarta, which is called BNEC (Bina Nusantara English Club) at BINUS University. BNEC is a non-profit English organization for undergraduate students of any major studying at BINUS University. Its main purpose is to develop its members’ English skills by providing TOEFL, Debate, Scrabble, Spelling Bee, Public Speaking, and Performing classes. BNEC has actively participated in various national and international competitions. The strengths of this organization can be seen from many national and international achievements that this unit has achieved. The main reason for its success was due to its strong leadership sustainability, which allowed the changing leaders and committees of the unit always manage to accomplish the set targets and goals. Moreover, its tight selection  process for the new members has resulted in highly proficient English participants, readily supporting the arranged activities. Lastly, the high-quality training programs available have contributed to a rigorous and intensive practice of using English for public performances. However, the unit has some areas for improvement. For example, the communication styles between supervisors and subordinates were sometimes problematic, as all participants underwent the learning process of teamwork communication. The unit has also developed a certain degree of arrogance and pride, which even widened the gap between the unit with other lower proficient students studying in the university, and thus developing and strengthening its exclusivity. After taking both strengths and weaknesses into consideration, it is recommended that BNEC should begin to develop more social programs, carefully designed to help their fellow students outside their organization in the university, or even to other marginal members of the society living near the university, to improve their English proficiency and establish BINUS University and its surrounding areas as the English as a Second Language (ESL) area. 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report was to investigate a student club at BINUS University, namely BNEC (Bina Nusantara English Club), and recommend a suitable solution to its problems and some suggestions for its future development. 1.2 Scope When investigating BNEC, it was important to consider its current conditions in terms of its organizational structure, management/leadership style, materials development, marketing/promotion, programs and training. 1.3 Method The information used in this report was collected by having some interviews with personnel in BNEC, including the chairman, secretary, treasurer, promotion team, program coordinators, and some members. 1.4 Limitations PICs and members were sometimes difficult to meet Important information is difficult to collect †¦. 1.5 Assumptions It has been assumed that BNEC has not proved effective and efficient in running the organization. As the members actively participate in its programs and activities, it has been assumed that the implementation of its training programs shows little contribution to improving their proficiency levels. As most BNEC programs have generated many awards and prizes, it is assumed that there are still programs that do not result in significant achievements. 1.6 Background BNEC was established in 1992. It is the only English-based student unit at BINUS University. Its main purpose is to develop the member’s English skill by providing TOEFL, Debates, Scrabble, Spelling Bee, Public Speaking, and Performing classes. BNEC also actively participates in a variety of national and international competitions. It has achieved many achievements. Besides these, it is also widely acknowledged for its event organizing. BNEC was awarded The Best Student Organization in 2010, 2011, and 2012 by BINUS University. 2. Findings 2.1 Strengths Strong communication channels among members A variety of programs offered Active and supporting team members †¦. 2.2 Weaknesses Less involved in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) programs Focused only on one main headquarters, no branches Limited resources for programs development †¦. 3. Discussions 3.1 (Organization Structure) – this is just an example – Generally, BNEC consists of three big departments, which are ‘Information and Development’, ‘Product and Achievement’, and ‘Marketing and Communication.’ Each department has its own unit. In total, BNEC has 12 units, which are managed by the Board of Management. In the author’s perspectives, the way the organization is structured brings out some problems. For example, †¦.. 3.2 (Management and Leadership Style) All Board Management at BNEC are carefully selected, and each of them plays an important role in running the organization. †¦. 3.3 (Resource Development) †¦. 3.4 (Marketing and Promotion) †¦. 3.5 (Programs and Training) †¦ 4. Conclusion After investigating BNEC, it was found that †¦. It is important to consider the long term benefits to the organization when considering which programs or events were best conducted. †¦. The management style had to be easily adaptable for new opportunities such as †¦. †¦. 5. Recommendations and Implementation The findings and conclusion in this report support the following recommendations: The board of management needs to adapt to †¦ Programs need to be developed based on †¦.. Members must have email or online access on their electronic gadgets to enable them to be in contact with the organization at all times All marketing and promotion team should negotiate price and ongoing service agreements with external parties To reduce the organization long term expenses: The organization could investigate the viability of †¦. †¦. Training programs available for members should have the maximum duration of 1.5 months (6 weeks) 6. References http://mybnec.org/view/about.php

THE LESSON :: Essays Papers

THE LESSON 1 "Ah! If only I could be young again!" Most people often say this statement. People wishing they could go back to their youth and make a change. [Frag - 1] If one could become young again, would he/she really change? Or is youth a state of mind? In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment", [,"] Nathaniel Hawthorne gives us an example of what can happen when one does become young again. The theme of this story is that morals established in one's youth remain unchanged throughout one's life. 2 The narrator does not identify himself as a character, nor if his character is present during Dr. Heidegger's experiment. [SS The narrator does not identify himself as a character or participant in the experiment.] Within the story, the narrator does mention that this [What is "this"?] might seem unbelievable and false. He alludes [Diction] that the story may be a lesson in morality. The effect of such a narrator allows the audience to decide if the story is true or a mere lesson. [A lesson cannot be true?] 3 Throughout the story, symbols of youth and age are present everywhere. The rose, which Dr. Heidegger has kept for 50 years, symbolizes his love and commitment for Sylvia Ward. It also symbolizes youth. When Dr. Heidegger places the rose in the liquid of youth, it blooms just as the characters do when they drink the elixir of life. However, the rose has a double meaning. It also means death. As the rose withers, so do the characters. [What else is the rose associated with?] 4 The experiment starts on a summer afternoon. Symbolically, a summer afternoon means youth. The characters become young during this time. When the sun sets, they age. The sunset symbolizes aging. 5 Throughout the story, we hear about this Fountain of Youth. Also referred to as the elixir of life or the liquid of youth. [Frag -1] This Fountain of Youth is really a state of mind. Like the saying goes, "you are as young as you think you are." That is what this elixir of life is really about.

Benefit of children and young people Essay

1.1 Multi-agency working is about different services working together to give each child the best possible support. It is an essential way of supporting children and families with additional needs and helping to secure real improvements in their life outcomes. Multi-agency working aims to support children and young people earlier to ensure they meet the five Every Child Matters (ECM) outcomes. The five outcomes of ECM state that we need to be working together to achieve the best possible outcomes for children in our setting. These outcomes are:†¢ Be healthy†¢ Stay safe†¢ Enjoy and achieve†¢ Make a positive contribution †¢ Achieve economic well beingMulti-agency working brings together professionals from different sectors to provide an integrated way of working to support children, young people and families. It is a way of working that ensures children and young people who need additional support have exactly the right professionals needed to support them. 1.2 It is vital that outcomes for any child are shared on a need to know basis and all professionals understand the importance of confidentiality. Integrated working is where everyone involved in supporting children, young and families work together to improve the lives of children. It is achieved by planning and delivering services. Information sharing Information sharing is essential if we want different sectors and services to work well together to support children and young people. The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) and the Children Index both help with information sharing between practitioners but it is part of everyday work for most of us. Common Assessment Framework (CAF) The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is a shared assessment and planning tool which is used across all local areas in England. It uses a consistent approach to assessing the needs and strengths of a child or young person, planning the support they need and coordinating that support if more than one organisation is involved. Team Around the Child The Team Around the Child is one way of describing a group of people working together to help an individual child or young person to achieve better outcomes. The Team Around the Child approach helps to emphasise the importance of regular cooperation and joint working. It is also about valuing the individual needs of each child and young person so they receive a tailored package of support from their team. Lead Professional If more than one service or team is working to support a child or young person, one practitioner should act as the ‘Lead Professional’. It is the role of the Lead Professional to co-ordinate different types of support and usually to be the key point of contact for the child and their family. Every multi-agency plan (such as a plan made through using the Common Assessment Framework) and every Team Around the Child should have a Lead Professional. Integrated working practices and multi-agency working provides benefits for children, young people and families because they receive the best support in the most effective way. The benefits of this include: Early identification and intervention Easier or quicker access to services or expertise Improved achievement in education and better engagement in education Better support for parents Children, young people and family’s needs addressed more appropriately Better quality services Reduced need for more specialist services. 1.3 Below is a list of some of these agencies and a description of their roles. Behavioural Support Service (BEST) – A behaviour support service is part of the LA and works in partnership with schools, within a framework of inclusion, to help them promote positive behaviour, and to provide effective support to pupils, parents and schools where behaviour may be a concern. Health care professionals, speech and language therapists and health visitors – They will be employed by the local primary health care trust and will support individual children and their families. The referral may have been made by a GP or awareness raised in the setting. They will work closely with the setting and family. Educational Psychologists – They will be employed by the LA and support children who may have specific learning or psychological needs. They may be referred by the setting. Advisers – There may be advisers for all aspects of early years ranging from parenting to local childcare options. They may work for agencies like job centre plus. Social workers – Employed by social services they may be attached to children’s centre or work independently. They may support children and their families to improve their quality of life, from housing needs to bereavements. Play specialists – May support children in hospitals or work with social services supporting children in difficult family situations. Representatives from voluntary organisations – These could be organisations such as NSPCC which will help when dealing with children who are threatening positions such as domestic violence. Physiotherapist – are employed by the local primary care trust and will support children with a specific physical need. A referral is required either from a health professional or a setting. OFSTED – Inspect provision of care in the setting. They ensure all of our staff are up to date on training, we are providing a healthy and safe environment for children and following the EYFS. Ofsted provide support and advice for staff and the setting itself. Police – In case of emergency the police will provide help and support. They will be contacted if a problem arose such as child missing, breaking an entry, suspicious persons and they may also be a point of contact if there is a suspected case of abuse or violence. 1.4 Unfortunately there will always be cases were we come across barriers when working with multi- agency working. A lot of the time there will be cases were not everyone will agree on the same things no matter how little or small the issue. Different sectors work in different ways, this does not make it the wrong way, just different. People may have been trained in a different role to which they may find it difficult to be managed by a person with different skills. Some people may not be used to sharing their knowledge with others. Its important that each profession respect one another and that they value there knowledge and expertise by doing this it will make better multi-agencies working together. Language barriers can also occur so if this is to happen we must always make sure we are all on the same path and fully understand each other. Even if it means getting a translator involved as it is so important we are sharing the correct information.Make sure they have clear aims, roles and responsibilities and timetables that have been agreed between the different agencies also that good communication and information sharing is carried out. 1.5 Within my setting it may become necessary to refer a child to another professional for additional support. For example if it has been noticed that a child is having issues which speech that they cant say many words and the ones that are said are not clear then the child would benefit from support from speech and language therapist then a referral is needed. The setting would follow the steps below to make the referral. First of speak with the parent about the issue and gain consent to make the referral. Next you would need to identify the service/agency who you want to refer to. Then you would need to contact the agency and discuss the situation before making the referral. We do this to make sure the agency can offer the most suitable service/support that is needed. Next follow the agency’s referral procedure completing all necessary paperwork and return by referral deadline if required. Always keep a copy of the referral. Follow up the referral and find out the decision. 1.6 When children move between local areas or services their assessments be transferred and used without the information having to be gathered again by the new area or service. When practitioners move their skills in using the CAF should also be transferable. There is currently no single national agency which is best placed to develop a framework which must have relevance across the full range of health, education, social care and other children’s services. The DFES proposes to take responsibility for leading work to develop the CAF. Common Assessment Framework In the Children Act 2004 and Every Child Matters it is outlined that the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is a way ensuring early intervention for a child before they reach a crisis point. CAF is a shared assessment and planning framework in all areas of England and Northern Ireland to be used by all practitioners working in children’s services. The main aim of CAF is to make sure that a child’s additional need is identified early and to ensure that agencies work together to meet the additional needs of the child. Most children will not need a CAF. CAF is for children and young people with additional needs. These are children and young people who, according to the judgement of practitioners, require extra support to help them achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes: Being healthy Staying safe Enjoying and achieving Making a positive contribution Achieving economic well-being The CAF consist of four main parts A pre-assessment check-list to help decide who would benefit from a common assessment. A process to enable practitioners in the children and young people’s workforce to undertake a common assessment and then act on the result. A standard form to record the assessment. A delivery plan and review form. 2.1 There are different communication methods for different situations such as: Verbal communication Verbal communication uses words to present ideas, thoughts and feelings. Good verbal communication is the ability to both explain and present your ideas clearly through the spoken word, and to listen carefully to other people. This will involve using a variety of approaches and styles appropriate to the audience you are addressing like: †¢ Paraphrasing means repeating back something a person has just said in a different way to make sure you have understood the message. †¢ Closed questions are questions that can be answered with either a single word or short phrase, for example, ‘Do you like sprouts?’ could be answered, ‘No’ or, ‘No, I can’t stand them.’ Closed questions give facts, are easy and quick to answer and keep control of the conversation. †¢ Open questions are questions that give a longer answer, for example, ‘Why don’t you like sprouts?’ might be answered by, ‘I haven’t liked the taste or smell of them since I was made to eat them all the time when I was a child†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Open questions hand control of the conversation to the person you are speaking to. They ask the person to think and reflect, give opinions and feelings. †¢ Clarification means to make something clear and understandable. Summarising means to sum up what has been said in a short, clear way. Non-verbal communication This refers to the messages we send out to express ideas and opinions without talking. This might be through the use of body language, facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, touch or contact, signs, symbols, pictures, objects and other visual aids. It is very important to be able to recognise what a person’s body language is saying, especially when as a health or social care worker you are dealing with someone who is in pain, worried or upset. You must also be able to understand the messages you send with your own body when working with other people. Written communication This is central to the work of any person providing a service in child care environment when keeping records and in writing reports. Different types of communication need different styles of writing but all require literacy skills. A more formal style of writing is needed when recording information about a patient. Practitioners need to be able to communicate well with the written word. This could be by writing something themselves, such as a letter to refer a service user to a different service, a record of a person’s condition and treatment or entitlement to a benefit, or a prescription. This means they need to be able to use different ways of presenting information, such as letters, memos, emails, reports or forms. They need to make their meaning absolutely clear and structure the information well and in an appropriate manner so that mistakes don’t happen. It is also necessary to use grammar, spelling and punctuation correctly and writing should also be legible so th at the person the information is intended for can actually read it. Sign language Sign language is a language which instead of using sounds uses visual signs. These are made up of the shapes, positions and movement of the hands, arms or body and facial expressions to express a speaker’s thoughts. Sign language is commonly used in communities which include the friends and families of deaf people as well as people who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves. Makaton Makaton is a method of communication using signs and symbols and is often used as a communication process for those with learning difficulties. It was first developed in the UK in the 1970s and is now used in over 40 countries around the world. Unlike BSL, Makaton uses speech as well as actions and symbols. It uses picture cards and ties in facial expressions with the word to make the word more easily recognised by those with learning difficulties. 2.2 Within my setting I make sure that I always have appropriate communication which is set for that specific situation. The use of appropriate communication methods depends on the person and what relation to the person. For example, if we communicate with children we should use a verbal method based on listening, and ask open questions. It is important to pay attention to our body language in all the circumstances. In the case of parents and colleagues we would use a more formal method. When we need to share information about a child it is best to do it face to face. We can use email, letter or telephone to inform about meetings or the child situation if it cannot be discussed face to face. We also use written communication when keeping a child’s record of development. This can all change when we communicate with children with special needs or disabilities. If we communicate with people who are deaf we need to use sign language or ask help to Signers, people who can communicate using a sign language, or interpreters, people who communicate a conversation, whether it be spoken or signed, to someone in a different language they will understand. This is not easy because they not only have to interpret the words or signs but also have to find a way of expressing the meaning of the words clearly. Or if we need to communicate with people witch English is their second language we may need translators, people who change recorded information, such as the written word, into another language. 2.3 Please find accident form attached at the back of this unit. 3.1 Within my setting I give my own contribution to the development and implementation of processes and procedures for recording, storing and sharing information. This can be using our accident and incident books/forms to helping complete a learning journey and planning with the children. I always make sure this information no matter how important that it be kept safe and locked in a secure room. 3.2 Within my setting I give my own contribution to the development and implementation of processes and procedures for recording, storing and sharing information. This can be using our accident and incident books/forms to helping complete a learning journey and planning with the children. I always make sure this information no matter how important that it be kept safe and locked in a secure room. 3.3 Where abuse of a child or young person is suspectedAll settings have a designated person to deal with all kinds of child protection issues. As a practitioner it is our duty to spot potential signs of abuse. If anyone has concerns that a child is being abused it is our job to disclose this information to the designated member of staff. If you feel that by doing this you feel that it may put the child at risk then you must confide and report this to a manager.By discussing this with the designated colleague it can give you a clearer picture by gaining advice on what to do next. We should never ignore possible signs of child abuse no matter how great or small. Our role is to make sure the children are safeguarded in and outside of the setting. Parents will have had a copy of the child protection policy which states that information regarding every child will be disclosed if it is deemed that any child is in significant harm or danger. This gives us the right to report any kind of abuse to the safeguarding board without the parents permission. It is important to follow the right steps whilst reporting a case of abuse or a suspected case, we need to gather the correct information. When it is suspected that a crime has been/may be committed. If you suspect or if a child approaches you and tells you that that their parent is possibly committing a crime or is committing a crime, depending on the crime that is being committed, depends on how we as practitioners would handle it.Crime can cover a wide range of things such as taking drugs, DVD piracy, benefit fraud, theft burglary, robbery or violence (GBH). It depends on how serious the crime is as to whether we break the trust between parent’s. Trust is essential between us because you need trust within a relationship with parents. Without the trust the child and their family is not going to be willing to share information. If a child is being hurt then it would be obvious that you have to break confidentiality to ensure that the child that you are looking after is not in any harm and is safe. If the crime that is suspected or being committed is DVD piracy then it is not going to be of significant harm to th e child in your care. Therefore there is no need to break the trust within the relationship. It is our job to make sure that the child is not in any significant harm and if they are not then we should stick to our confidentiality policy and procedure.If a child is committing a crime then it most certainly becomes a child protection issue. The crime can be shop lifting, theft, drugs or violence but one small crime can lead to another which can then lead to bigger crime being committed and a possibility of the child person being involved in a group or gang. This can introduce the child person to dangerous people. If the child’s parents are not aware of this then it is also possible the child maybe neglected.